Essay about What Are Gangs and Who Are Their Memebers

What is a gang? What is the difference between a gang and a peer group? How can a gang member be defined? These are three very common and difficult questions to answer within all disciplines. The most common discipline to address gangs, their members, and their activities is criminal justice which includes local, state, and federal law enforcement. The problem arises when these three jurisdictions and many others attempt to agree on one definition of a gang, which has proven to be a daunting task. For the purpose of coming to a general agreement for classifying a group as a gang and an individual as a gang member, while avoiding as many discrepancies as possible, James C. Howell has presented a chapter, Defining Gangs and Gang Members, in†¦show more content†¦The next researcher to purpose a definition was Thrasher (1927/2000). Thrasher’s (1927/2000) definition provided more insight on the behaviors and activities that define a gang. The definition mentioned behaviors such as meetings, presenting themselves in a group format, as well as designating specific turf as their own. What was most important and shed the most light on gang was that Thrasher (1927/2000) proposed the idea that gangs form in response to conflict (as cited in Howell, 2012). This conflict could be with other groups of different racial/ethnic background, problems with other children at school, or over neighborhood territories. Whatever the conflict may be, it stems the growth and formation of gangs. Many other definitions followed and began to describe and define the activity of the gangs. The definitions discussed recognition among the gang and by others, criminal activity, symbols and names, and degree of organization. Federal law began to purpose their definitions which were based on criminal activity. They identified the size of the group as a criterion, amount of criminal activity, types of criminal activity, and the gang member. Although the definitions of gangs were ju st arising and the agreement between jurisdictions may not have been clear, there were certainly a few characteristics among gangs that were, and still are, noticeably common. The firstShow MoreRelatedPolice Officers Charged With The Death Of Eric Garner969 Words   |  4 Pages#BlackLivesMatter movement is sexually assaulted the day after a massive protest following the Grand Jury decisision not to indict the police officers charged with the death of Eric Garner. The case takes a twist when it is discovered that the leader who was assaulted is actually Fin Tutuola s son Ken s boyfriend. In Act 1 of our A plot, Detectives Stabler and Benson enter the precinct notably late. They inform their captain that they were held up because a protest had broken out in the streetsRead More West Side Story Essay1120 Words   |  5 Pagesthe presence of the two gangs – the Jets and the Sharks. We are also able to say in which time period the actions take place. As an indicator we are using the dance at the gym in Act I,Scene 4, where Tony and Maria first meet. At this dance everyone is dancing the jitterbug just as the jive. Both were popular during the 1940`s and 1950`s. We should also mention that it is summer. Otherwise typical autumn or winter weather would have been mentioned and/or the gangs possibly would not setRead MoreMexican Drug Cartels1588 Words   |  7 Pagesand U.S. authorities have uncovered multiple tunnels from Mexico to the U.S. which link the two together. The tunnels are used to transport and smuggle these items from Mexico into the U.S. where cartel leaders and generals distribute them to their gangs throughout the country. Also contributing to the issue along our over 2,000 mile long border with Mexico between the United States and Mexico there are well over 7,000 gun dealers on the U.S. side. As we see the drugs moving north, most of the gunsRead MoreRole of African Elites in Dismantling Decolonization5146 Words   |  21 Pagesdevelopment. Walter Rodney s How Europe Underdeveloped Africa analyzes the colonial relations of production -- and the economic and political contradictions -- that produced Africa s underdevelopment and continue to plague Africa today. Rodney, who describes colonialism as a one-armed bandit, claims that colonialism, more than anything else, underdeveloped Africa. According to him, colonialism laid the roots of neocolonialism in Africa by creating Africa s economic dependency on the international

Erikson’S Contributions To Human Development. Erik Erikson

Erikson’s Contributions to Human Development Erik Erikson was a man whose interests varied widely. He studied art and a variety of languages during his schooling. He did not prefer the atmosphere of formal schooling and decided to travel around Europe instead of going to college (â€Å"Erik Erikson†, 1997). He then returned to Germany for art school and later on taught to children who had come for Freudian training. He became Boston’s first child analyst and obtained a position at Harvard Medical School. He studied various subjects such as troubled soldiers, children and adolescents (â€Å"Erik Erikson†, 1997). He was concerned with the constant, rapid social changes in America. Erik Erikson he made immense contributions to the theories of human†¦show more content†¦Success in this stage will lead to a virtue of will. If children in this stage are encouraged and supported, they will develop a sense of confidence and security in their ability to survive. If children are criticized or aren’t g iven the opportunity to assert themselves, they begin to feel inadequate in their ability to survive and may become too dependent on others. They are also likely to lack confidence (â€Å"Erikson s Psychosocial Stages of Development†, 2013). The third stage occurs between the ages of three to five; this stage leads to either initiative or guilt. This is when children begin to take initiative with both their peers and parents. If done successfully children will develop a virtue of purpose. They will develop a sense of initiative and feel secure in their ability to lead others. However, if this is suppressed through criticism and control the child will develop a sense of guilt and feel like a nuisance to others (â€Å"Erikson s Psychosocial Stages of Development†, 2013). The fourth stage occurs between the ages of five and twelve and this stage either leads to competence or inferiority. 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Reward and Fairness Issues in Performance Related Pay free essay sample

Performance related pay (PRP) is a financial rewarding system which is directly associated with the work accomplishment of employees. It seems that the basis of this process is cash or bonus payment: employees will be awarded cash or bonus when they achieve a greater performance. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the system of payment by performance was widely applied in both private and public sectors in many organizations in the United Kingdom. Brown and Armstrong (1999) claimed that there are more than 50 percent of the UK companies had implemented this method to motivate their employees during that time. However, in fact, Kohn (1993) indicated that there are not quite much research existing which explicitly indicates that performance related pay is an effective procedure to encourage employees to improve their work. Furthermore, there are even some studies indicating that this system could be a de-motivator when workers distrust it. This article will explore the ineffectiveness of performance related pay from two perspectives and then try to provide possible solutions as well as evaluations for managers who are facing similar problems. The first perspective is the reward issue which may not attract employees to work harder. This problem may occur as a result of the different expectation of each individual in rewards. Secondly, the fairness issue, the transparency of organizations to measure their employee performance could cause the curiosity among employees. Once employees feel unfair, the PRP system will become meaningless. 2. Reward Issue Performance related pay relies on the expectancy theory that the sufficient size of rewards can motivate people (Wood and Maguire, 1993). When organizations apply this concept to the payment system, which is a financial reward, they have an assumption that workers may improve their performance if a high amount of salary or bonus is offered in return. However, according Brown and Armstrong (2000), some workers claimed that the extra pay was too low and it could not motivate them. Cannell and Wood (1992) even claimed that if the extra money is lower than six percentage of worker’s basic salary, employees might feel that they were insulted and it could de-motivate them. Consequently, the performance related pay tends to fail nd company could not motivate employees. In fact, the real problem in this issue might not be the amount of the reward offered to workers but might be the type of the provided reward that does not match employees’ preference. The following sections will discuss about the improvement of this scheme by using non-financial rewards and allowing employee to design their own rewards. Solution 1) Non-financial Rewards It may be concluded from the above information that insufficient financial rewards might not improve the performance of individuals. In other words, it could be said that money would not attract every employee, managerial staff in particular. Williams (2002) noted that the majority of upper managers felt the most significant factor which motivated them should not be the money. The authentic motivator is probably the achievements in their career path and their high self-esteem. All of those things could be called as non-financial rewards. Furthermore, there are some evidences illustrating noticeably that the majority of employees in both private and public sectors value non-financial rewards higher than money rewarding. The information that was provided by Institute of Personnel Management (1992) clearly showed that the respondents from both private and public organizations rated the importance of promotion higher than that of pay. The score of pay method from public employees and private employees are 3. 67 and 4. 11 respectively, whereas, they regarded promotion aspect as 5. 07 and 5. 78 on the same scale. The non-financial reward is one of the ways of organizations to award employees in terms of motivation. There are many interesting contents of non-financial rewards such as job enlargement, freedom concerning job duties, formal commendations and promotion. Job enlargement is to assign more jobs to workers in order to enhance their responsibility that allows them to complete the whole cycle of work process instead of one part concerning. As to freedom concerning job duties, it increases more independence in decision making that relates to the responsible tasks of employees. The formal commendations could demonstrate the appreciation of employees’ performance and value the importance of works they have done. In addition, the promise of enhancing the chance of promotion can be used as reward when workers accomplish a certain standard or present best performance in certain periods. Generally speaking, the main purpose of these rewards is to improve the satisfaction of employees by building up their self-recognition and personal achievement. The attractiveness of non-financial incentive could be illustrated clearly by a simple example of the dedication to adored leisure activities or hobbies of individuals. Even though they would not receive any money from those activities, they still keep doing them. Evaluation of Non-financial Rewards Each person could be motivated by different things. Therefore, matching rewards with every employee’s expectation needs to be realized as Williams (2002) suggested. Moreover, factors that motivate employees really well in one level might de-motivate or create dissatisfactions in other levels. Consequently, to realize the real motivator of each employee, organizations should have effective communication between workers and the employers. This communication scheme will be discussed in the following section. 2) Employee Involvement Thorpe and Homan (2000) suggest that involvement of employees can be one factor that makes performance-related pay succeed. This involvement, for example, can be a feedback about appraisal system or a performance target they have to achieve. This section will focus on one aspect of involvement which is discovering employees’ preferred rewards in performance related pay. Finding this preference can be applied to both financial and non-financial rewards. For financial reward, organizations may negotiate with employees and reach an agreement on how much amount of pay should be offered. Nevertheless, this strategy can only be done in the precondition that organizations have enough budgets to offer when the workers require more pay. For non-financial reward, according to previous section, employers need to understand factors that can motivate their workers and therefore use them as rewards in performance related pay. For example, organizations such as National Health Service in UK may need to find the real motivators of its employees, because in a research some respondents from NHS expressed they were not working for the money (Cannell and Wood, 1992). Apart from finding the preference which is a main target of this involvement, a company may gain another important benefit from this communication by implicating the recognition into the rewards. To illustrate this, Cannell and Wood (1992) argued that the recognition might motivate employees more than monetary reward if that individual has already been satisfied with their current level of salary. Cannell and Wood explained that employees might feel greatly motivated when they get rewards because their hard work was recognized widely in workplaces. This recognition may also occur when managers provide opportunities for employees to express their feelings. It may send a message to the workers that they are parts of the organizations and the organizations are really caring about how to satisfy them. When organization actually provides that promised reward, the same reward can be more meaningful to the workers as they has been recognized both designing state and rewarding state of performance-related pay. As a result, this involvement system may motivate workers and could lead to better performance eventually (Gennard and Judge, 2002). Evaluation of Employee Involvement Having discussed some main benefits of employee involvement, this activity also possesses some drawbacks that companies should consider. Firstly, it requires time and budgets to add this scheme into performance related pay. For example, managers may have to be trained on how to communicate with their subordinators in order to find their preferred rewards. Moreover, after training, managers may also have to spend necessary time to question and allocate those rewards. These might result in loss rather than profit of companies. Due to the fact that employee involvement relies on communicating skills of managers, therefore, another problem is that relationship between managers and subordinators might become bad if negotiating fails. On one hand, if a manager can satisfy employees, their relationship might improve. On the other hand, if a company could not provide the required rewards, the manager may send negative messages to employees and their relationship may be worsened by this scheme. These can de-motivate workers and have an effect on company’s performance as a whole. 3. Fairness Issue Apart from reward problem in the previous section, another important area that always provokes debates is how performance can be measured fairly. In fact, motivating employees and tapping their potentials are probably the main purpose for many businesses to introduce PRP. According to Adams (1965), equity plays a significant role in motivating people. Therefore, if organizations fail to achieve equity in the process of performance appraisal, PRP system can be totally undermined. In this article, two main fields which make PRP system easily to become unfair will be discussed. 3. 1. Lacking Satisfied Standard In order to measure people’s performance, there must be a standard which explicitly indicates which level of performance will be awarded. For example, in sales department, certain amount of sales is usually used as a standard above which employees can receive cash bonuses or increases to basic salaries. However, if the standard is not clearly defined or not satisfied by some employees, staff is likely to feel unfair. Such inequity will de-motivate those employees and then influence the whole morale of that organization (Adam, 1965). In reality, it is difficult to have an appraising standard with which all employees are satisfactory. To illustrate this, a company may face some difficulties when including some departments in which employees’ performance can not be easily measured though quantitative norms. Moreover, qualitative factors in those sectors, such as after-sales service, might be more valued than the quantitative outcome. Meanwhile, coordinating different criteria within different departments is also difficult. Yorkshire building society, a case study in New Dimensions in Pay Management (Armstrong and Brown, 2001), once paid its IT staff separately. The consequence is that its staff felt unfair and became divisive. Then, they strongly demanded a new arrangement. Therefore, more effort should be invested into creating a full-scale satisfactory standard. Due to the potential de-motivation followed with introducing PRP, some researchers have explored several key changes that need to be considered when adopting PRP (Armstrong and Murlis, 1991). Within these changes, some may provide the solution to the standard issue. Solution 1) Introducing Qualitative Standards Combining quantitative measures with qualitative elements is the first change that Armstrong and Murlis mentioned. This can probably relief numerous employees who are suffering from unequal assessment. If PRP focus only on quantitative factors, this may suit a few sectors such as sales department which has been mentioned before. In order to improve equity, however, some qualitative input factors such as knowledge and skills as well as output factors like innovation, team-work, customer service and delivery should be included in the assessing criteria. As a result, good performers can be measured in details and other employees will possibly feel those good performers deserve the bonuses. Moreover, it can also provide a perspective into â€Å"bad performers† to examine whether they are really bad. Evaluation of Introducing Qualitative Standards The qualitative performance might be difficult to set the criteria for assessment; therefore, encouraging employees to involve in the design of assessment process may reduce discrepancies between different standards in the same organization. The discrepancies may not be avoided but can be reduced to an acceptable extent. For example, if one employee feels considerably dissatisfied about certain department’s salary level or even about certain individuals, a line manager may take that opinion into account and the assessment’s standard could be amended by that gathered information. Nevertheless, the standard may be designed appropriately but the assessment still relies on managers who may use that standard subjectively. This reliance on line manager is another field that can easily generate favoritism and inequity and it will be discussed in the next section. 3. 2. Reliance on Line Managers In the process of implementing PRP scheme, line managers take most responsibility for evaluating their subordinators. Although such managers are possibly carefully selected and well trained to be fair appraisers, it may be inevitable for some to have their own favoritism and prejudice. For example, managers might pay more attention to employee who was judged as a diligent and intelligent worker and that one tends to receive higher scores than others. According to Kessler and Purcell’s research (1993), there indeed exited those managers who treated and accessed staff by their own way. In addition, as Kessler and Purcell found, managers had a tendency to mark people moderately. Therefore, those employees who work very hard may feel unfair if line managers do not score them high. As a result, mutual respect and trust will probably be destroyed during this process. Moreover, relationship between managers and employees is likely to become a controlling style which will de-motivate people’s performance significantly. (Norgaard, 2001) Solutions 1) Increasing Contact with Subordinators Holbeche (1998) claims that employees tend to be fairly motivated, if they are given opportunities to contact with their supervisors. This technique might extremely suitable for those employees whose positions are far from their line managers. Therefore, managers are more likely to establish a full understanding of each staff’s capability, intelligence and contribution. As a result, the assessment of each individual would be fairer. †¢Evaluation of Increasing Contact with Subordinators Increasing contact with subordinators might be one of the suitable strategies for solving the problem about the reliance on manager in PRP because it may improve the relationship between manager and workers. Consequently, this may generate trust and respect within organizations and this trust and respect may make employee feel that the assessment is fair. On the other hand, if workers do not trust and respect in their manager, employees might not feel fair even the manager assesses them objectively. According to Jaques’ â€Å"felt-fair† principle (1961), he argues that there is no recognized criterion of fairness within an organization. Therefore, if something is felt fair by staff, it will be fair. The instance for this concept is a case study of Tesco which treated its employees with trust and respect and Tesco try to create a satisfaction in their working environment. In return, most of its employees expressed that they felt fair and empowered to progress (Cranwell-Ward, Bacon and Mackie, 2002). 4. Conclusion Since the late 1980s when PRP was firstly introduced in organizations, performance related pay was widely used among numerous pay systems in United Kingdom and many criticisms related to PRP has been turned up. (Brown and Armstrong, 1999) Two problems in this article that was explored are parts of those criticisms. If rewards of PRP lose its motivation function, it tends to become meaningless. Similarly, if fairness was a problem in the perception of employees, PRP will also probably be destroyed. Therefore, it seems clear that if the performance related pay could not motivate workers due to these two factors, it has to be revised and improved. That improving is to find the suitable standard and suitable rewards as well as to increase the communication between managers and workers so as to know their real motivators and to increase the fairness in assessing process. When these weaknesses of PRP have been covered, it might increase the performance of each individual and then the outcomes could contribute to the overall performance of the company.

Islam, Women and Overcoming Adversity Essay Example

Islam, Women and Overcoming Adversity Paper Rida is a veil/covering from head to toe of Muslim women belonging to the dawoodi bohra, Shia sect of Islam. At adolescence, men and women have the opportunity to enter faith by giving an oath- also known as misaq- to the community’s spiritual head. Misaq is formally considered as religious birth. In simpler terms, it is a passage from childhood to adulthood. Agreeing to the covenants of misaq means that one will sincerely uphold the tenets of Islam, follow the community’s guidelines, as well as understand the duties as a Muslim. During the ceremony of misaq, both men and women vow to endorse the expectations of cover. Men must keep an untrimmed beard, and women must wear rida. At the age of thirteen, I was caught puffing on tobacco. My actions were considered impure, and since I hadn’t reached puberty all the sins were to be burdened by my parents. Being the youngest, yet most spoiled of four children, my parents and close relatives had lost all expectations of my decency. In the year of my fourteenth birthday, I decided to participate in oath taking ceremony. Although I didn’t give much affirmation to the ritual, I part-took only to fulfil the formality. My parents were already distressed bearing my unorthodox way of life, and now the move to America came closer. The idea of move brought a lot of responsibilities to my parents. They had to wrap-up decades-old business, and leave two older children. Relatives that I didn’t even know the relationship of, came in to urge caution to my parents on the exotic young adults’ culture of America. It seemed as though clouds of gloom had descended upon them. Stepping on the soil of United States, I literally felt a cool breeze through my face. Thinking now, it was probably the effect of breeze that made me question my actions and a way of life. We will write a custom essay sample on Islam, Women and Overcoming Adversity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Islam, Women and Overcoming Adversity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Islam, Women and Overcoming Adversity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I had left behind the past. It was now time to re-write the story from the beginning, a crisp page for a new life. After two years of resid

Auto Design- The retro design trend essays

Auto Design- The retro design trend essays Topic: Auto Design- The retro design trend Automobile designers have begun to create a great deal of interest in the consumer market recently with their new, retro look designs. Each year, there seem to be an ever-expanding selection of styling and design concepts, which reminisce that of the classic cars from the 1930s to the late 70s. Many new vehicle designs incorporate parts that bring to mind the appearance of the early hot-rods. There are an abundance of examples of this styling from many of the different manufactures, many of which have created mass demand and consumer appeal. In addition to small hints of the past incorporated into new designs, are whole automobiles created to meet the consumer demand for this type of vehicle. Many of the new automobiles designed share hints of retro styling. These designs bring back memories of earlier cars built in the era of the hot rods and early muscle cars. The new Chevrolet Camaro is a good example of this type of design, featuring a brand new, ram air hood design, having hints of the early 70s and 80s camaro which featured an almost identical shape. The Camaro also has an oval mouth grille in the center, reminding the consumer of the ever so famous 67-69 camaros. Countless everyday cars on the streets show retro details in their body design. New mustangs feature side scoops on its body, rounded rear windows on a Chrysler LHS, or the corrugated lower sidepieces on a Pontiac Grand Am all are designs that were incorporated in the old cars of days gone by. Now their use has been revived and is a very common practice among automakers. In addition to minor styling cues, whole vehicles have been designed as retro styled. The newest introduction probably being the 2002 Ford Thunderbird. It borrows styling cues from the original Thunderbird s well as those made later on. The Thunderbird brings, the cars...

Free Essays on Rascal

This was one of my favorite books so far. Sterling and his best friend went fishing one day on the stream that was near their house. As they were walking through the woods, Sterling’s dog, Wowser, smelled something that he liked. He went straight to a stump and pointed as some dogs do. Sterling told him to get it, and the dog started digging at the stump. The two boys also helped dig at the stump. As they were nearing the center a raccoon leaped out at the dog and went up a tree right next to the stump. Then the boys noticed the baby raccoons. They tried to catch the mother so that they could keep the baby ones too, since they were too little to protect themselves and live. They failed at catching the mother, but they did catch one baby. Sterling took it because his friend’s parents would not let him keep it. Sterling had many pets, including a dog, many cats, a crow, fish, and some skunks. He named this raccoon Rascal. Sterling’s mother had died a few years earl ier and he and his dad lived alone. His father was very lenient and allowed Sterling to do almost anything he wanted. He was building a canoe in his living room, and had many cages in the back yard where his pets lived.. Sterling made a home in a tree that was next to his house. There was a hole in it where he let the raccoon live. He was taught how to feed a young raccoon by his best friend’s mother. He was taught to take a bowl of milk and dip a straw in it, then stick the hay straw in your mouth and give the other end to the raccoon. Sterling got him off of this process quickly since it was so difficult for him. He took the raccoon everywhere and watched him as he grew older and learned things. As Rascal grew older he found things that he liked more than others, like sweet corn. He would raid the neighbors’ crops at night. The neighbors threatened to kill him if they found him in their crops. So Sterling built a cage for his raccoon. Rascal did not like this at all. ... Free Essays on Rascal Free Essays on Rascal This was one of my favorite books so far. Sterling and his best friend went fishing one day on the stream that was near their house. As they were walking through the woods, Sterling’s dog, Wowser, smelled something that he liked. He went straight to a stump and pointed as some dogs do. Sterling told him to get it, and the dog started digging at the stump. The two boys also helped dig at the stump. As they were nearing the center a raccoon leaped out at the dog and went up a tree right next to the stump. Then the boys noticed the baby raccoons. They tried to catch the mother so that they could keep the baby ones too, since they were too little to protect themselves and live. They failed at catching the mother, but they did catch one baby. Sterling took it because his friend’s parents would not let him keep it. Sterling had many pets, including a dog, many cats, a crow, fish, and some skunks. He named this raccoon Rascal. Sterling’s mother had died a few years earl ier and he and his dad lived alone. His father was very lenient and allowed Sterling to do almost anything he wanted. He was building a canoe in his living room, and had many cages in the back yard where his pets lived.. Sterling made a home in a tree that was next to his house. There was a hole in it where he let the raccoon live. He was taught how to feed a young raccoon by his best friend’s mother. He was taught to take a bowl of milk and dip a straw in it, then stick the hay straw in your mouth and give the other end to the raccoon. Sterling got him off of this process quickly since it was so difficult for him. He took the raccoon everywhere and watched him as he grew older and learned things. As Rascal grew older he found things that he liked more than others, like sweet corn. He would raid the neighbors’ crops at night. The neighbors threatened to kill him if they found him in their crops. So Sterling built a cage for his raccoon. Rascal did not like this at all. ...

Unit II non specific topic (Intercultural Management) Essay

Unit II non specific topic (Intercultural Management) - Essay Example In most cases, the parent company owns majority of stocks in the subsidiary companies (Deresky, 2011). Consequently, the host countries have minimal control over the MNC. Moreover, the host countries have minimal benefits from the corporation’s income. The MNC also reserve key managerial and technical positions to expatriate from their countries. Thus, the MNC are accused of failing to contribute to the development of human recourses in the host countries. In addition, MNCs do not contribute to the development of technologies and production capacity of the host country. The MNCs are mostly concerned with profits and in so doing they neglect their development obligations. MNCs also dominate the manufacturing industry thereby giving unnecessary competition to the local companies. In most case, the companies take advantage of corruption and mismanagements in the host countries to establish their interests. Thus, failure to meet corporate social responsibilities is the main source of complaints against the MNC. Question 2: What processes do MNCs need to establish in order to reduce prosecution risk? Many MNCs have decided to confront concerns about ethical behavior by developing worldwide practices that represent the companys policy. What are four policies used to address this issue? How would you implement these four policies in your business strategy? Multinational companies are faced with prosecution risks arising mismanagement and poor international relations. In order to reduce prosecution risks, MNCs needs to establish various processes. Firstly, MNCs need to ensure high level of integrity and accountability (Thomas, 2008). This will enable the corporations to avoid being drawn into unnecessary corruptions and scandals. However, some prosecutions are driven by business interests and, therefore the MNCs have minimal control over such occurrences. International business ethics are business

Comparison of the Marriage and Courtship of the Tuaregs and the Research Paper

Comparison of the Marriage and Courtship of the Tuaregs and the Americans - Research Paper Example The Tuareg can visit the girl of his choice whom he met at the abal and they may converse together but usually, they exchange jokes as a part of their dating, making the meeting an enjoyable one where they are both happy. The woman during the visit does her best to please the visiting man by doing him little favors like cooking the best food, mending the man’s clothes and playing the violin for her visitor. Dating to Americans is similar to this practice wherein men usually visit the women. Nevertheless, with the demands of the modern world, they usually dine out and the visitation lasts for just a few hours wherein the only favor given to the man is the food prepared, without the mending of clothes and playing the violin, not unless the woman has the skill and is requested to play. Food probably is the common denominator not only to the Tauregs and Americans but in all cultures in such an occasion where both parties get to know each other better. Communication to the American s is more open and not limited to joking, though dating is not without jokes thrown at each other and the partners are still nice to one another. Looking at the process of courtship the Tuareg’s undergo, it could be said they similarly accept dating as a pre-engagement practice (americanfamilytraditions.com). Tuaregs follow the same steps as the Americans do wherein after the dating process comes the proposal. To the former, proposal requires a lot of work for the man because he has to seek the approval of all of his close kin which according to Nicolaisen & Nicolaisen (723) not only include the parents but the siblings as well. The number of people needed to approve of the marriage proposal is not the one... Comparison of the Marriage and Courtship of the Tuaregs and the Americans Courtship to the Tuaregs is as exciting as that enjoyed by the Americans and yet, not of the same practice but of the thrill their different cultures bring along in the process. For the desert people, a practice called abal summons young single men to court young single women. Older men are not invited in the courting session but the occasion is strictly set for the younger generation to meet a probable future spouse. In this courtship, attractive girls are surrounded by young bachelors who show interest in a maiden and may sit with them for hours with some who just look at her while others attempt to chat with her or even touch her (Nicolaisen & Nicolaisen 722). Moreover, the men do not just attend the abal as they are, but have to use veil. Courtship to the Tuaregs is strictly observed and similarly considered important as with the Americans. The Americans, though have their own freedom to choose how they court. The heavily veiled Tuareg groom is led by a company of young men to the wedding tent where these are comparable to the American Groom’s men. Correspondingly, a group of women accompany the veiled Tuareg bride to the wedding tent in a slower speed than the men, also similar to the American Bride’s maids who assist the bride in the procession, keeping her looking beautiful and comfortable throughout the ceremony. After the procession, the Tuaregs complete the practice the following day but to the Americans, party would be over after the reception.

Manuscript Submission Instructions to Authors Essay

Manuscript Submission Instructions to Authors - Essay Example Hard wheat utilized as a part of making bread in light of the fact that it has a protein substance of up to 16%, and it hashigh gluten. In Iraq, agriculture is hard to practice given the climatic conditions of the country. This means that wheat farming is done in large plantations and supplemented by irrigation. The country is also one of the earliest regions in which wheat farming was a main source of staple food. Therefore, it is important to understand the criteria that is in place within the country that can aid in the understanding of the type of wheat that is most favorable in Iraq. The research thus involves statistical analysis of the wheat present within the country and the criteria determining their inclusion in granaries. The wheat plant is one of the staple food in Iraq. This is because Iraq’s climate is not favorable to agriculture. Plantations exist mainly along the river beds especially in the uplands and the delta regions. According to historical and archeological find, there is evidence of wheat farming from the period dating the third century. Thus, this supplements the idea that the people of Iraq are excellent wheat farmers. The earliest form of wheat application from the region includes baking cakes. In modern days, baking cakes is a delicate procedure and so is the preservation of the cakes. One needs to have a refrigerator in order to prolong the shelf life of a cake. In addition, the storage of wheat also demands proper storage facilities that will hinder the growth of fungi as well as contamination by weevil. This raises the questions as to how historical civilization would store there wheat to prevent contamination as well as process the wheat and ready it for baking. The research will thus focus on determining the criteria which the people of Iraq use to receive wheat in their granaries. Studying the

Milk And Dairy Industry Uk Economics Essay

Milk And Dairy Industry Uk Economics Essay The  area of Great Britain and Northern Ireland  (commonly known as the  United Kingdom) is the sovereign state  located near northwest coast of  continental Europe. It is an  island country  spanning with an  archipelago, accumulated with the northeast part of  Ireland, and many small islands.  Northern Ireland  is the only part of the UK  with a land border, sharing it with the  Republic of Ireland.  Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the  Atlantic Ocean, the  North Sea, the English Channel  and the  Irish Sea. The largest island, Great Britain, is linked to  France  by the  Channel Tunnel. (Wikipedia Information.net) SOME POLITICAL FACTS ABOUT THE COUNTRY The United Kingdom is a  constitutional monarchy  and   unitary state  consisting of four  countries:  England,  Northern Ireland,  Scotland  and Wales.  It is governed by a  parliamentary system  with its  seat of government  in  London, the  capital, but with three different  national administrations in  Belfast,  Cardiff  and  Edinburgh, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Wales and Scotland respectively. SOME ECONOMICAL FACTS ABOUT THE COUNTRY The UK is a  developed country, with the worlds  sixth largest economy  by nominal  GDP  and the  seventh largest  in  purchasing power parity.  It was the worlds first  industrialized  country  and the worlds  foremost power  during the 19th and early 20th centuries,  but the economic cost of two world wars and the decline of its empire in the latter half of the 20th century diminished its leading role in global affairs. The UK nevertheless remains a  major power  with strong economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence. It is a  nuclear power  and has the fourth highest  defense  in the world. It is a  Member State  of the  European Union, holds a permanent seat on the  United Nations Security Council, and is a member of the  Commonwealth of Nations,  G8,  OECD,  NATO, and the  World Trade Organization. (Wikipedia Information.net) The Dairy industry contributes  £6.8 Billion which is about 10% of GB GDP.   The contribution has been steadily rising over many years. The industry contains many different specialist sub-sectors and, increasingly, changes in technology have led to changes in the nature of jobs within the industry. The trend towards fewer, more skilled and better-paid employees , necessitates a significant further investment in education and training. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Flag Royal coat of arms Anthem:  God Save the Queen[1] The United Kingdom (dark green) shown in relation to the European Union  (light green) and other areas of  Europe(dark grey) Capital (and largest city) London 51 °30à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²N  0 °7à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²W Official languages English  (de facto) Recognized regional  languages Irish,  Ulster Scots,  Scottish Gaelic  ,  Scots,  Welsh, Cornish (wikiPEDIA INFO.NET) REVIEW OF THE MILK AND DAIRY INDUSTRY INTRODUCTION The dairy industry represents around 18% of the gross agricultural output of the UK, and dairy farmers are an important and sizeable part of the National Farmers Union NFUs farming membership. Dairy farmers have endured difficult times in recent years, notably with regard to farm gate profitability. Soaring prices on the world dairy commodity markets in 2007 resulted in rises in farm gate prices, totaling an average increase of 8ppl by the autumn. This has created optimism in the dairy industry and allowed most farmers to start breaking into a profit. However, there are ten years of underinvestment and debt to make up for and farmers now need a sustained period of higher prices to enable some long-overdue investments in their businesses. While the outlook of the British dairy industry is broadly positive, the confidence of dairy farmers remains fragile. Production costs have risen massively in the last twelve months. Higher feed, fertilizer and fuel costs are eroding the benefits of higher prices. In addition to this are the substantial infrastructure costs that dairy farmers face under the proposed revisions to the NVZ (Nitrate Vulnerable Zones) Action Program. With these issues in mind, this document provides a background briefing to the dairy farming sector and looks at the future challenges and prospects. Britains Dairy Farmers Dairy farmers in the UK are amongst the largest and most competitive in the European Union. Dairy farms are situated across the UK, but are concentrated mostly in areas where the climate encourages favorable conditions for grassland farming. In recent years milk production has gravitated towards the West and South West of England, West Wales and Northern Ireland. The number of dairy farmers in the UK has fallen dramatically, and continues to decline. In 2001 there were 26,110 registered production holdings in England and Wales. By February 2009 this had fallen to 12,465. This figure represents a 5% fall on February 2008 figures, and therefore reflects the continuing pattern of decline. Until recently, for every farmer leaving the industry another farmer was willing to expand. Consequently, the average size of dairy herds in the UK has increased from 72 cows in 1999 to 95 in 2010. At the same time, genetic and management improvements in dairy cattle have seen the average cow increase milk production from 5,000 litres a year in 1993 to 9609 liters in 2011. In recent years however, the industry has seen a decrease in production, suggesting that either larger milk producing herds are leaving or the number of herds expanding has decreased. (Wikipedia Information.net , The Dairysite.com) A Brief History of the British Dairy Industry Since the 1920s- 1994, the market for raw milk was managed by four statutory milk marketing boards (MMBs). One Board bought and sold all wholesale milk from farms in England and Wales. The MMBs were wound-up in the early 1990s allowing existing farmers to sell milk either to new farmer co-operatives created in their place or directly to dairy processing companies. The co-op, Milk Marque, was created for broker milk sales in England and Wales. In the early days following the abolition of the Boards, dairy farmers enjoyed a relatively prosperous time as milk prices had increased to 27 pence per litre (ppl). However, the rise in milk price coincided with a unique set of economic circumstances driven by Black Wednesday and the UK pulling out of the Exchange Rate Mechanism, which devalued the Pound against major EU currencies that had increased the value of EU market support and the competitiveness of UK dairy produce. Prices started to slide in 1998/9 and more and more producers opted to leave Milk Marque to supply dairy companies directly who offered a higher price as an incentive to join. Around the same time, a legal case was brought against Milk Marque by milk processors through the then Dairy Trades Federation, who argued that MM was operating as a complex monopoly and was abusing its dominant position in the raw milk market. In 1999, the Monopolies and Mergers Commission produced a report supporting the case brought to the Office of Fair trading by the DTF. The result of this case led to the break-up of Milk Marque. In its place, three daughter co-ops Milk Link, Axis and Zenith were set up in 2000. In recent years these businesses have consolidated, Axis brands merging with Scottish Milk brands to form First Milk and Zenith with a small milk co-op, the Milk Group to form Dairy Farmers of Britain. The Dairy Industry in modern times The dairy industry had seen remarkable consolidation at all levels in the last decade. While there were over 100 milk buyers in the country, six large dairy companies dominate the GB market. The largest dairy companies are: Dairy Crest The Company buys approximately 2.4 billion litres every year from 1,400 direct supplying dairy farmers, the majority of whom are located in southern, central England and South Wales (as well as some milk brokered from milk co-operatives, especially FirstMilk). Dairy Crest manufactures liquid milk and a range of dairy products, including cheese, milk powder, desserts, butter, and cream. Its best known brands are Cathedral City and Country Life. Arla Foods -Swedish/ Danish farmers co-operative of approx 9,400 members, operating as a wholly-owned subsidiary in the UK. The company focuses on supplying fresh milk to retailers as well as managing dairy imports from Scandinavia and New Zealand. UK has a workforce of 6,300 and processes 2.3 billion liters milk at 13 plants, supplied mostly by the Arla Foods Milk Partnership, a farmer group of around 1,600 members. Dairy Farmers of Britain Farmer co-operative with around 2,600 farmer members, predominately located in the North of England and Wales. DFB makes a broad range of products including liquid milk, cheese, butter, ingredients and desserts, both for supermarkets and own brand. DFB also supplies milk to other dairy companies and runs eight separate processing sites and sixty distribution depots. Robert Wiseman Dairies Private dairy company that specializes in processing and delivering fresh liquid milk throughout Great Britain. It operates from 6 major processing dairies in Aberdeen, East Kilbride, Glasgow, Manchester and Droitwich Spa and a new dairy in Bridgwater, Somerset. The company has developed relationships with a number of major supermarket groups, resulting in more than 70% of its sales to multiple retailers. Milk Link Farmer co-operative essentially making cheese, ingredients and desserts. Milk Link supplies all the UKs major food retailers, many of its largest food processors, and food services organizations. It is the UKs largest cheese producer, with the bulk of its members being located in the South and South West of England. First Milk Farmer-owned business, with 2600 farmer members, formed in 2001, from the merger of two leading dairy groups. As well as supplying other dairy companies (notably Robert Wiseman Dairies in which it has a 15% stake and Dairy Crest) with milk, the company owns creameries in Cumbria, West Wales and the Scottish islands. There are also a large number of small to medium sized local or specialist processors such as Lactalis/ McLelland, Belton cheese, J Heler, Muller Dairies, Fresh ways, Medina Dairies and a small number of milk buyers that operate largely as intermediaries, supplying milk to a range of different markets. (http://www.ipaquotas.com/dairyfarmer.htm) The Current Dairy Market- The UK The British dairy market is observed as a domestic market. The UK is around 90% self-sufficient in milk and dairy produce and half of all raw milk is sold as fresh liquid milk. In the past, much of this would have been sold on doorstep rounds. Now the highest proportion is sold through major multiple retailers. Cheese takes up a further 28% of the market. Consumption of liquid milk had been declining until recently where statistics indicate stabilization in consumption, with increasing demand for low fat milks. Utilization of milk by UK dairies 2010/11 (million litres) The concentration of the industry on liquid milk and failure to add value has had important consequences for British dairying. The industry has, to some extent, become more commoditized and struggled to capitalize on real growth markets. It has also seen the value of imports increase compared to the value of exports with recent estimations that the deficit. OBJECTIVES OF THE REPORT The following objectives will be covered in the report in detail: To study the Milk production in U.K. To study the reasons for decline in milk production Pricing factors for the industry Challenges faced within the industry To analyze the milk and its products consumption in the British families (Via Survey Method) Milk production in U.K. Deliveries to dairies in the 2010/11 milk year totaled 15,212 million litres. Adjusting this figure for the presence of a leap year gives total milk deliveries of 16,176 million liters, the lowest cumulative figure since deregulation and around 500 million liters (4.2%) down on the five year average. 5 year average daily 2010/11 average daily Looking at average daily deliveries by month shows the milk year started off relatively well with April deliveries only 0.9 million liters per day less than the five year average. This was a result of a mild spring encouraging good grass growth and early turn out. The three months from May to July were the wettest on record which was one of the factors that led milk deliveries in July to fall to an average of 35.4 million litres per day. That was three million liters per day (7.8%) lower than the average for the month. This deficit decreased towards November with better weather and prices. However the effect of the earlier poor weather on silage quality and rising feed prices appears to have impacted on milk deliveries in the final four months of the milk year with daily deliveries averaging 3.5% lower than the five year average. The UK dairy industry employs more than 23,800 across 600 workplaces nationwide. It includes the operation of dairies and the manufacture of dairy products, such as iceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ cream. There are many wellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ known companies, such as Yeo Valley Farms, Danone, Dairy Crest Ltd., Unilever iceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ cream and Wensleydale Dairy Products. 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 Key facts: There are 23,800 people working in the dairy industry, of which: 87% of the workforce is in the operation of dairies and cheese 14% in the manufacture of iceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ cream The industry represents 6% of those employed in Great Britains food and drink manufacturing sector. 36% of the workforce is 45 years or older. 45% of the current workforce will be eligible for retirement within the next 20 years. 13% of the workforce has a degree or equivalent qualification . The highest qualification for much of the workforce is GCSE grades Aà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ C (20%) or A Levels (13%). 19% of the workforce has no qualifications. Workforce statistics Number of UK employees: 23,800 Number of UK employers: 600 Gender: 76% male 24% female Ethnicity: 92% of the workforce is white, 5% Asian/British Asian and 3% Black/Black British 2,300 migrant workers (nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ UK nationals) are estimated to be working in the industry Age: 26% of the workforce is aged 16-30 years 14% is 30-34 years 15% is 35-39 years 13% is 40-44 years 22% is 45-49 years Disability: 7% of the workforce has some form of work limited disability. [N.B. Data derived from Labour Force Survey, 2010 and Annual Business Inquiry, 2009.] Reasons for decline in milk production In most instances in the dairy industry, increases in production costs have offset/negated any efficiency gains made by expanding producers. More recently, this logic has been tested as milk production has gradually fallen over the last 5 years. 2011 was an exceptionally bad year due to the additional effects of poor weather on grazing conditions and winter forage quality. Cumulative production to March 2011 stood at just 13,215 million liters, which was 2% lower than last year and represents a production figure not seen since the 1974/5 milk production year. In addition, in the 2010/11 milk production year, the UK was a massive 986m liter (7%) under quota. Research suggests that the falling trend of milk production in the UK will most certainly continue in the short term. The low level of confidence has led to reductions in producer numbers and a reduction in the number of farmers willing and able to expand further. Coupled with this, the industry has suffered many years of underinv estment due to a sustained period of low milk price. In light of the challenges ahead in the form of environmental regulation, coping with the impacts of disease and higher variable production costs it is likely that we will see further contraction in the industry in the immediate future. Recent price increases have however brought some confidence back to some producers in increasing milk production on their holdings. The 2010 Farmer Intentions Survey from Dairy Co revealed that 37% of dairy farmers intend to increase milk production, yet 7% of dairy farmers intend to exit the industry in the next two years. This forecasted increase in production on some farms, coupled with a reduction in the number of dairy farmers will result in a further fall in milk production by 2012/13 in Britain of 0.6%. Pricing factors for the industry Milk pricing and profitability are the biggest issues affecting dairy farmers. The average farm gate milk price for 2007 was 20.66 ppl with a February 2008 average milk price of 25.62 ppl. This reflects a much needed 8ppl increase on the average farm gate price of just 18ppl in 2006 which has increased drastically in 2011/12 by 48ppl. Since the mid 1990s, the industry has seen a general decline in dairy farm profitability and massive restructuring has taken place at farm level. To cope with Low Prices, farmers have sought efficiency gains to remain profitable largely through increasing herd size and cutting costs where feasible. In the past a combination of factors has driven farm gate milk prices including: Prices for internationally traded commodity dairy products EU market support Exchange rates The balance between the supply of raw milk and the level of demand for milk products Weak negotiation, due to structure of industry The costs of manufacturing milk EU and world commodity markets have been seen historically as the biggest driver in raw milk prices. They are still influential and are the biggest reason behind the well documented increases in milk prices in the UK and elsewhere in 2011. However, the British dairy market is essentially domestic, which should limit the exposure to commodity market forces The British retail market for dairy products is fiercely competitive. In respect of the cheese market, for example, regular tendering is the norm and with large quantities of cheese imported from Ireland and other EU member states, there is fierce competition to secure supply contracts. Costs of Milk Production It is notoriously difficult to establish average production costs, however over the last three years production costs have increased dramatically as a result of oil, fertilizer and feed price increases and the escalating cost of farm labor. The First Milk/Promar report of March 2009 suggests that the true cost of production for UK dairy farmers is estimated to rise to 36.64ppl in the next year, not accounting for any profit margin. Challenges faced within the industry Access to raw material is key to global position Milk production is highly regulated by quotas and mobility of raw material is difficult Raw milk is perishable and cant be transported long distances Milk production is challenging: no compromises on food safety, labour intensive and milk is collected daily Seasonality of production leads to overcapacity Requires long term investments on farm and industry level Competitiveness of the dairy processors is increasingly decisive for the pricing of raw material milk to farmers Better regulation and simplification Flaws are identified, but results are not satisfactory Slow decision-making process Lack of predictability Horizontal regulations concerning feed, hygiene, claims and labelling New regulations for animal welfare and quality labelling? Milk specific regulation: drinking milk, spreads and preserved milk Route to market Access to world market Global players include different geographical regions in their business strategies, but SME ´s have difficulties in approach. Specific support mechanisms could be helpful Industrial policy is made too much on terms of agricultural policy Technical and sanitary measures are barriers to trade: animal disease outbreaks, divergent analysis and sampling methods, zero tolerances, milk products and animal health standards Innovations Innovations have been and are essential in improving the global competitiveness of dairy industry and creating value added products Innovations in the future are more and more linked to the health and well-being of consumers. This means that more scientific evidence is needed for marketing of these products EU should create and improve platforms to support such development in research. The Technology Platform on food research, called Food for Life is a good example of such development and creating science based innovations Claims are essential and needed for marketing and consumer communication of these new products. This means that approval of claims should not prevent or slowdown this development European level programs in science and research (7th framework program) are essential in boosting the science-based innovations in open environment. Probiotic dairy products are good examples of commercial success in this area SME ´s should have easier access to these programs Environmental Challenges Among the biggest challenges facing UK dairy farming is how the industry interacts with the environment. The industry is working hard to ensure that any environmental risks associated with milk production are minimized and to deliver positive environmental improvements. Some notable achievements include a 13.5% reduction in methane emissions from livestock since 1990 and a reduction in overall fertilizer usage in dairy farming by 46% since 1997. Over 35% of farmland managed for dairy farming in the UK is now in an ELS environmental stewardship agreement. Action on farm is being co-ordinate through the Environmental Plan for Dairy Farming (EPDF). The EPDF promotes integrated solutions to tackling the sectors environmental problems, i.e. solutions that tackle more than one environmental issue and are easy for farmers to implement such as nutrient management plans. In addition to the EPDF, the development of an industry Roadmap for the dairy sector in England identifies the environmenta l impacts of producing and consuming milk across the supply chain and sets targets for mitigating and reducing those impacts. Critically, the Roadmap promotes better understanding of the social, economic and environmental benefits of milk and aims to achieve a balance between productivity and environmental improvement, thus securing the long term sustainability of dairying. Other Challenges Animal health and welfare continue to be high priorities for the dairy industry. The UK dairy industry adopts the highest standards of animal health and welfare, monitored primarily through the Assured Dairy Farms (ADF) scheme, of which 95% of UK dairy farmers are registered. The England Cattle Health and Welfare Group (ECHAWG) also provide a forum for the veterinary profession, farmers, industry bodies and government to work together to tackle health and welfare issues such as Johnes Disease, mastitis ,lameness, bovine Tuberculosis, an increasingly serious issue for many dairy farmers and, most recently, Bluetongue. FINDINGS Analysis via survey method to detect the rise and fall in the consumption of milk and its products! This analysis was carried forward by using the survey method thereby utilizing the questions given in the form of a questionnaire to assess the participants on the total consumption of the milk and its products in the uk. A sample of 50 participants was drawn from the population for further analysis. A sample figure of the questionnaire is given below- The procedure of the experiment that adopted the survey method as a means of reaching its destination has drew the following findings. According to the survey, 38% of the individuals preferred first milk as a brand over other milk brands and least no of people preferred milk link as a brand. This difference between the preferences must have existed due to pricing of the products, its quality, advertising and its availability. Another interesting fact that emerged was preferences of individuals for choosing the type of milk and it was found out that 42% of people preferred whole milk over other milk types followed by least preference for skimmed milk with only 24%. This difference obviously existed due to quality difference and tastes of the milk types. Another fact that was found out was individuals preferences for powdered and bottled milk that showed a positive percentage for bottled milk with 78% and very little preference for powdered milk. This must be existent due to quality reasons of the milk and the freshness (preservatives vs. fresh milk). The end part of the survey dealt with the family preferences for milk consumption in the UK. It was noticed that maximum no of individuals purchased the milk on alternate basis resulting in 46% from the total. And the numbers of individuals consuming milk within the families are also ranked as high as 42% which reflected that all of the family members drink milk and its products almost on daily basis. It was interesting to note that most of the individuals went by the price of the milk compared to the quality of milk which meant that they usually compromised over the quality over the price thereby resulting in gains for companies that provided milk at a cheaper cost compared to others. Lastly it was asked as to which product of milk apart from its pure form was preferred the most and it was noticed that 46% of the British families preferred cheese product of milk and least preferred the butter 12% which shows the British preference of dairy products depending on their cuisines and dishes made in their homes. By the end of survey finally it was found that most of the individuals preferred milk as an essential nutrient for their daily breakfast needs (64%) compared to any other meal of the day which reflects the energy source and dietary supplements provided by the milk maximize the most over other food supplements. RECOMMENDATIONS FARMERS à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Know your cost of production and Add value by maximizing your contract. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Make use of the NFUs inputs monitor and challenge suppliers to seek out best deals. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Offer farmers proper milk contracts, in line with the NFU template, that provide long term stability and transparency on terms and price. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Be transparent about costs, markets and milk prices. Show how you are improving efficiency and cutting costs at the factory. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Promote the Red Tractor prominently, on front of pack, on all branded dairy products. RETAILERS AND FOOD SERVICE à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Food service sector to extend commitments to sourcing assured, British products to all dairy products and promote the Red Tractor to clients. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ All major retailers to increase the number of British, Farm Assured dairy product lines offered to consumers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Retailers to promote the Red Tractor prominently, on front of pack, on all own label dairy products. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Retailers to establish direct, dedicated relationships with dairy farmers supplying British, own label cheese lines. GOVERNMENT à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ All government departments to adopt the NFU model clause and specify use of Red Tractor in its procurement contracts. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Establish a milk production taskforce to examine the reasons behind, and the solutions to, our falling milk production trend. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Make farmers aware of the support and funding streams that are available to them through the RDPE. RDAs to ensure that these funds are easily accessible. BANKS à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Banks to honor long term, established relationships with clients. Pass on base rate cuts in full and support farmers including tenants to invest for the future. NFU (NATIONAL FARMERS UNION) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Maintain the call for an independent body to take the politics out of animal disease and resist any attempt by Defra to transfer costs onto the industry. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Continue lobbying to improve milk contracts offered to farmers by milk buyers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Maintain scrutiny on input costs to ensure that changes in prices are being passed down to farmers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lead a positive campaign to promote the benefits of dairy farming and the importance of productive British agriculture. CONCLUSION The outlook for the British dairy industry is broadly positive. Despite the irrefutable pressures that farmers continue to face, the future prospects for British dairy farmers is bright. Milk producers are efficient and operate in a prosperous, well-populated country, with strong traditions of consuming dairy products. Demand for many dairy products, worldwide, is increasing as a result of economic and population growth. Climatic factors appear to be pegging production in traditional export areas and the EU may be well placed to capitalize on world market growth in the long run. But there remain many significant short-term challenges.

Mazzini’s Role in Uniting Italy

Explain and evaluate the role of Mazzini in the process of Italian unification to 1850 Giuseppe Mazzini was born in Genoa in June of 1805 into Napoleonic rule. He went on to play a vital role in the unification of Italy up until 1850. Although many of his endeavours failed, and he made mistakes that may even have backfired on his goal of Italian unification, he did play an important role. This was not so much directly, however, as through the influence he had, and the ideas he brought out of the shadows. Mazzini aimed to unite Italy, and made a lot of failed attempts to do so.He had a vision of an independent nation of ‘free men and equals’, and he also thought that all of the Italian speaking states should unite, not just the northern ones, as many people had previously considered. He was a strong believer in democracy, believing that it was necessary for the people’s voices and ideas to be heard. He did not, however, have any problem with the use of violence or revolution to bring about this united Italy, and in fact believed it would be necessary. In order to achieve this, he made a lot of endeavours, the majority of which were unsuccessful.In 1920 at the age of 15, he led a student demonstration, which was a failure and served only to get him into a lot of trouble – he was noticeably absent from the revolutions of 1820 and 1821 that followed soon after. He joined the Carbonari in the late 1820s, but was caught and arrested, and either exiled to France or set free and asked to leave the country (the exact nature of his departure is unknown), so he ended up in France by February of 1831. This was where he founded his first nationalist group – Young Italy.This was similar to a secret society, however had a slightly different philosophy, as it was founded on his personal beliefs of what a united Italy should be like, and what should be done to achieve it. He was soon expelled from France, so Young Italy did not get very far. He went to Switzerland and planned a revolt in Savoy, which also failed miserably. He then founded Young Europe, but was soon asked to leave Switzerland too. He went to England, where he founded the Second Young Italy, which also was not very successful.He then agreed to help the Bandiera brothers, two brothers who were planning a revolt in Italy, however this too failed, with less than 20 people turning up, and both of the brothers were shot. Clearly Mazzini’s career and direct role in the unification of Italy were not as significant as he had hoped they might be. One of Mazzini’s failures during this period was his alienation of the peasants. Although later on, in the 1960s, he brought the peasants very much into the action, at this point, he did little for them.Although he advocated freedom of speech and democracy, he had no plans to alleviate the stressful economic conditions for poor, or to make conditions better for the workers, who were the majority of the people in Italy. Instead his followers were mostly of the middle class, which was a significantly smaller group in number. Another failure was Mazzini’s noticeable absence in all of the main revolutions in Italy during this period. He took part neither in the revolutions of the early 1820s (although this was partly to do with his own negative experience) nor the revolutions occurring in the Papal States in 1831.While the most significant revolutions of the period –those in 1848 – were in some way influenced by him, he was not present here either. This brings to light a very important point – that while there were revolutions that were at least somewhat successful, Mazzini was not a part of them, leading one to consider that maybe he did not play an important role at all. It makes one consider that perhaps unification would have occurred just as readily without Mazzini, and question whether he was really that significant, however he did have some impact during th is time, in a less direct manner.One of the most important things that Mazzini did for the unification of Italy was to bring out a sense of national awareness. He created nationalist groups like Young Italy and Young Europe, which were aimed to appeal to the youth of Italy – the people who were not tied to the existing regime and were vulnerable to his propaganda. Despite being considered somewhat of a failure, he was well known throughout Europe (and especially in Italy), enough so that Metternich (the Austrian chancellor) once referred to him as ‘the most dangerous man in Europe’.This was not because he was particularly good at what he did, in fact most of his endeavours failed, as aforementioned, but because he was bringing ideas into the open, which had the potential to lead to revolutions and attempts to overthrow the existing forms of leadership. Many of his ideas had existed previously, but were unknown to the majority of the Italian people, and he made th em known throughout Italy. Whether people were interested in uniting Italy or not, he had brought the ideas out into the open, and rooted them in people’s minds.Mazzini was also quite a charismatic man, and so his speeches were paid a lot of attention. When he spoke about the possibilities for a united Italy, it was well received by a lot of people, and made them believe that even rather unrealistic ways of uniting Italy might by possible. In this way, Mazzini played a very important rule in the unification of Italy. Part of Mazzini’s role in the unification of Italy came not from his direct actions, but indirectly, from the actions of his followers.One of his most famous followers was Giuseppe Garibaldi, who helped to lead the revolution in Piedmont in 1848, and is today considered one of the most important figures in the unification of Italy. Garibaldi was a loyal follower of Mazzini in the early 18th Century, and although later in the century he began to disagree wi th much of Mazzini’s philosophy, he got many of his early ideas from Mazzini. But it was not just Garibaldi. During the 1848 revolutions, which occurred all over Europe and began in Italy, it was followers of Mazzini who set the ball rolling.They desired his goals of democracy and an independent united state, and were influenced by his belief that the only way to achieve this was through revolution. Perhaps Mazzini’s most important role in the unification of Italy, however, was the inspiration he left. Even to those who were already aware of ideas like his, and perhaps even those who already believed and were passionate about them, he acted as an inspiration to act. While many people at the time were just talking, he proposed actual action, which led people to believe there was a real chance of success.He had many followers, and even more admirers, and people liked to act in his name. The role of Giuseppe Mazzini is hard to define – on paper, his career was a fa ilure, and one might say he did very little to achieve any sort of unification for Italy, and in fact all of the significant events towards unification during this time seem to have occurred without his presence. However through the ideas he brought out, the people he influenced, and the inspiration he was to many people in Italy, he played a very large and significant role indeed. He was a crucial part of the unification of Italy up to 1850.

American Indian History

The meaning of the word â€Å"nation† can be interpreted in different ways, but it always signifies the people, native language, traditions and a territory. Every nation has its own usages and they are inherited by its population across the generations. The people love their culture and love their land. Long time ago people learnt to cultivate the soil and to grow the crops. However, the land is not just people’s wet-nurse. It is something more for natives, because it unites them into one whole, into one nation. But when somebody deprives people of their land, the power of population as a nation weakens.â€Å"The world turned upside down† – wrote Colin G. Calloway trying to bring to the readers a sorry plight of Indians after blood-thirsty invasion of Englishman into their land. Peace and idyll of Native American’s life remained in the past and new era of a disaster came. One group after another endured successive waves of epidemic disease, inter-tr ibal and European warfare, rapid environmental change, colonial pressure for cultural change, displacement, and sometimes enslavement and servitude. Some groups disintegrated under the pressure, but others found ways to survive and some new groups came into being.It was not easy for them to adapt to the new laws white men had brought with them. The Indians felt that something was dying for ever and their home had changed. But the main human instinct of a survival played its key role. The Indians learnt to live with colonists. In this paper we’ll discuss the various ways Indian peoples adapted to their new settlers. To open the subject perfectly we’ll look to the life of the Native Americans through the history. For thousands of years land that is now the United States belonged to the Indians. They spoke many different languages.They lived in many different ways. Some were farmers. Some were hunters. Some lived deep in the forests in villages of strongly built houses. O thers roamed over the grassy plains, carrying all they owned with them. Each Indian belonged to a tribe, which was made up of a number of bands. Just two or three families constituted some bands. Each Indian thought of himself first not as one man but as part of a band and of a tribe. All the members of a band took care of each other. They hunted or farmed together and shared whatever they caught or grew. Some tribes were warlike. Others lived in peace.Indian religions were many. Some believed in one god, others in many, but all believed that man and nature were very close. Hunters or farmers all knew that the wind, the rain, the sun, the grass, the trees, and all the animals that lived on the earth were important to them. For thousands of years Indians wandered through the forests, over the grassy plains and great deserts. The earth was their mother, supplying all their wants. Then men arrived from Europe, men who wanted to take this land and have it for their own. These men believ ed that land could be cut up and bought and sold.In 1513 the Spaniard Ponce de Leon arrived in Florida. He did not stay, but he was fallowed by others Europeans who came to settle the land that was to become the United States. Spaniards came and Frenchmen came. Settlers came from England to Virginia and Massachusetts. These settlers wanted the Indians’ land. They wanted it for farms and cities. Englishmen cut down the forests and plowed the earth. Sometimes they made treaties with the Indians in which it was agreed that part of the land belonged to the newcomers and part to the Indians. As more men came from Europe, then were more men who wanted Indians land.The natives could not sell or give away all their land, but the settlers wanted it all. Eventually conflicts arose and outgrew into the Indian Wars. Because of nomadic life, small numbers, lack of weapons Indians turned out not worthy adversary for their enemy. But the Indians fought for their land. They went on fighting for almost four hundred years. Indian armed opposition was suppressed only at the end of nineteenth and their remains were driven to reservations. The Europeans carried with them not only longing to subdue the new land for all its material richness, but also brought unknown and deadly diseases.According to Northern Plains Indian winter counts (chronologies) epidemic diseases occurred on average every 5. 7 years for the area and every 9. 7-15. 8 years for individual groups. Disease outbreaks tended to follow episodes of famine or disease and tended to be followed by episodes of abundance of game when human mortality had been high. Epidemics preceded sustained contact with non-natives. The groups keeping winter counts recognized that epidemic diseases were spread through intergroup contact.Recorded reactions to epidemics include population dispersal, attempts to identify effective medicines, avoidance of outsiders, and changes in religious practices. Chronological listing of reference s to epidemics in winter counts shows that the northern plains groups endured about thirty-six major epidemics between 1714 and 1919 (table 1). Great smallpox broke out in 1837-38 that decimated the Mandas. Unlike the Yanktonai Blue Thunder winter counts, the Oglala John Colhoff and Flying Hawk winter counts describe the 1844-45 epidemic as severe. Blue Thunder notes that this epidemic was very widespread.The Hunkpapa Cranbrook winter count states that only children were affected by the 1844 measles or smallpox epidemic. . Iron Crow reported a food shortage in 1817 followed by measles or smallpox in 1818. The Yanktonai John Bear recounted a severe famine in 1814, followed by a severe epidemic in 1815. It is unlikely that birthrates could increase enough to compensate for this frequent loss of life. Many aspects of native life in the Great Plains were affected by epi-demics. Military might depended as much on a group's health as on the training and technology available to its warrior s.Patterns of social aggregation and dispersal, religious revivals, migrations, and survival of particular groups were affected by epidemic disease. The diseases and wares drained Indians having made them vulnerable before Englishmen. As colonists were fully aware from their negotiations for Indian land, the best way to press Indians into service was to allow them to run up debts with English merchants, then demand the balance and bring them to court when they could not pay. In such way â€Å"violation of the rights of Indians†3 continued for a long time.There is more then one example of illegal capture of Indians in their sorrowful history. For instance on August 12, 1865 a Hopi woman wobbled into the office of Lieutenant Colonel Julius C. Show, commanding officer of Fort Wingate, New Mexico Territory. She looked appallingly: her clotted hair with blood from a hand wound hung down her face. The woman declared to Show that while she and her nine-year-old daughter were walking the wagon road between Cubero and Fort Wingate, two men from the village overtook them, thumped her with their rifle butts and left her beside the trail.When she regained consciousness some hours later, her daughter was missing. Retracing her steps to Cubero, she discovered that the men had kidnapped her daughter and refused her to see the child. Then she went to Fort Wingate to plead for Shaw’s mediation in the kidnapping. Two accordant developments provide larger historical and cultural context for the Hopi woman’s dilemma. For although discrete in certain details, the sufferings of this anonymous woman prove symptomatic of the experience of women and children caught in larger processes of violence, exchange, and state regulation in the region.Chato Sanchez – the man who captured the girl answered Shaw’s question about the mother and her daughter clearly that â€Å"he had assumed a debt which this woman contracted and had taken both the mother and her daughter as security against that debt. †4 The man probably spoke the truth as he saw it. Since the early eighteenth century, Spanish New Mexicans had engaged in the practice of â€Å"rescate†, or rescue and redemption of captives held in the power of â€Å"los indions barbarous†. In New Mexico â€Å"rescate† served as the artifice by which legal and moral sanctions against Indian slavery could be subverted.Much about Indian society and culture in southern New En ¬gland had changed during Howwoswee's lifetime. From the late seventeenth century through the early nineteenth century, English merchants exploited the Indians' dependence on store credit to coerce men, women, and children alike into bonded service. County court judges complemented this effort by indenturing native debtors who could not pay off their accounts and Indian convicts who could not meet their court fines and costs of jailing. Meanwhile, colonial officials made little but token effort s to stem such practices despite full awareness that they were occurring.By 1700, neither Christian Indians nor colonists found it acceptable for natives to put on reed-woven clothes, skins, or just shirts with leggings, as they did in the seventeenth century. As a result Indians either had to purchase spinning wheels and get wool to their own cloth, which a minority did, or else buy finished material or clothing from local stores. â€Å"Cloth, clothing, and sewing items constituted 16 percent of the value of native purchases at Vineyarder John Allen's store between 1732 and 1752, 63 percent at John Sumner's between 1749 and 1752, and 86 percent at Peter Norton's between 1759 and 1765 (see table 2).Even for merchants who did not specialize in fabric, like Beriah Norton, cloth and clothing sales made up no less than 13 percent of the value of Indian transactions. †5 Food charges for corn, meat, and sweeteners were also significant, running as high as 26 percent at one store (s ee tables 1). English land purchases had so effectively restricted Indian movement that the natives' mixed subsistence base of corn-bean-squash agriculture, shellfish gathering, fishing, and hunting had been soundly compromised.Dams prevented fish from migrating along rivers. In connecting with deer herds declined, Indians were compelled to kill their livestock or buy meat. Traditional economic ac ¬tivities were further undermined when Indians went to work for colonists during planting and harvest seasons in order to pay off store accounts. The laborers turned to purchased, rather than self-raised, corn to carry them through the lean winter months until April's fish runs and the midsummer harvest of squash and beans replenished stores.In such way cycle began: first, a native family was pressed to rely on pur-chased food for a season or two; then creditors forced adults to work for Englishmen; the next cold season, they were back at the store to buy things they had been unable to p rovide for themselves during the previous year; and thus debts mounted again and the pattern repeated itself. Bonded service affected the Indians of southern New En ¬gland not only individually but culturally as well. Inevitably, having so many Indians, particularly children, living among the English promoted native acculturation to colonial ways.Some acculturative change proved empowering for native communi ¬ties. Other shifts were decidedly less welcome. In either case, groups such as the Wampanoags of Aquinnah and Mashpee, the Narragansetts, and the Pequots were forced to struggle with how to define themselves as they became more like their English neighbors. Indian children had not only to withstand separation from their parents and relatives but to adapt to the colonists' strange ways. Left with little choice, they could do nothing but adjust. By making colonial agricultural and domestic tasks an accepted part of Indian life, indentures played a key role in natives' accultu ration.In 1767, when Eleazar Wheelock put a Narragansett Indian boy to work in the fields, the boy's father having expressed a protest proclaimed: â€Å"I can as well learn him that myself †¦ being myself brought up with the best of Farmers. â€Å"7 As usual women rarely recorded such statements, but changes in their work prove that they also were adopting English ways. Indians Betty Ephraim, Patience Amos, and Experience Mamuck received credit from Richard Macy for spinning yarn and sewing — possibly on equipment that they owned themselves, given the presence of spinning wheels and looms in a few native estate inventories.Indentures were not the only factor encouraging Indians to adopt new tasks and technology. Missionaries contin ¬ued to promote the benefits of colonial work ways, no doubt persuading some listeners. Other natives distressed that their lack of accumulated capital made them chronically vulnerable to merchants and judges, carefully decided â€Å"to l ive more like my Christian English neighbors. â€Å"8 The enormity of servitude's impact on Indian culture is obvious. At least one-third of native children were living with the English at any given time, most under indentures that kept them in service until their late teens or early twenties.When these servants returned home as adults, they passed on what they had learned to their children, some of whom were in turn bound out to colonists. By the second half of the eighteenth century, probably nearly all native households included at least one person who had spent an essential portion of his or her childhood as a servant. As a result of poverty and widespread in ¬dentured servitude, were the changes Indians experienced in their dress. Between the advent of English settlement and King Philip's War, Praying Indians in order to mark themselves as Christians cut their hair and donned shirts, pants, shoes, hats, and cloaks.However, many Christian Indians refused to abide by the Engli sh dictate that people dress according to their station in the colonists' social hierarchy. Indian women, in particular, had a special liking for jewelry and clothes that colonists considered gaudy and ungodly. Servitude also influenced the Indians' food ways. Throughout the early seventeenth century, the usual Indian dish was a corn mush that consisted of some mix of vegetables, shellfish, fish, and/or game. Water was the natives' sole drink. But soon merchants stocked alternative foods and extended Indian credit lines, as traditional sources of protein became less accessible.As a result natives became accustomed to the food provided by colonial masters; the Indian diet began to change. Although In ¬dians continued to consume traditional foods, by the early eighteenth century they also ate mutton, beef, cheese, and potatoes, massive quantities of molasses and sugar, and smaller amounts of peas, biscuits, and apples (see table 2). Thus, by the end of the eighteenth century the Ind ian life rather changed. The characteristics that previously had distinguished natives from their colonial neighbors were no longer a part of Indian existence.In ¬dians became more like their white neighbors in their gendered division of labor, in their food and dress, and perhaps even in their propensity to beat children. As colonists forced Indian children as well as adults into bonded labor, natives lost control not only over their workaday lives but over the very upbringing of their young people. Large numbers of children and young adults spent most of their developmental years working in colonists' homes and on their farms and ships, where they heard and spoke English, performed English work, wore English clothing, and ate English food.Over time, they could not help but become more like their masters. Food, labor, dress, child-rearing: these are major elements of any people's cultural life. But indentured servitude's impact on Indian culture was even greater, its reach even l onger. It struck much nearer to the foundations of Indian identity when it began to interfere with the people's ability to pass on native languages through word of mouth and print. Gradually, Indians became English-only speakers and this change more than any other threatened Indian claims to distinctiveness.During the first two-thirds of the eighteenth century, as more and more natives served indentures, Indian literacy rates stagnated or declined. This lack of progress is remarkable, considering that in the seventeenth century, colonial officials and native parents alike expected masters to instruct bound Indian children to read and write English. Some natives sent their offspring to live with colonists or attend boarding schools precisely so that they would be formally educated.Not until the late eighteenth century, when native household servants began to receive instruction in writing from white women — who were themselves in the process of gaining full literacy — d id Indian signature rates start to climb, particularly among females. About three centuries wars of annihilation against Indians continued. Because of primitive weapon and nomadic life, Indians’ forces were broken. But not their spirit. Love to their land, nature and culture always lived and lives in their hearts.Despite all the disasters which fell down their heads Indians adapted to the new life. New settlers left indelible imprint on Indians’ life, traditions and language. Many groups of Native Americans did not stand cruel invasion in their life but some of them learnt to find ways to survive. And nowadays the Spirit of the chieftain lives in the heart of every Indian. They are proud of their tribal roots and their culture. Notes 1. Colin G. Calloway, The World Turned Upside Down: Indian voices from Early America (Dartmouth College). 2.Linea Sundstrom, Smallpox Used Them Up: References to Epidemic Disease in Northern Plains Winter Counts, 1714-1920, 309 3. Richard White and John M. Findlay, Power and Place in the North American West (Seattle and London: University Of Washington Press), 44. 4. White, Power and Place, 45. 5. David J. Silverman, The impact of Indentured Servitude on the Society and Culture of Southern New England Indians, 1680 – 1810,626. 6. Silverman, The impact of Indentured Servitude, 627. 7. Silverman, The impact of Indentured Servitude, 652. 8. Ibid.